Dar es Salaam

Dar es Salaam
—  City  —
Dar es Salaam city center moments before dusk
Dar es Salaam is located in Tanzania
Dar es Salaam
Location of Dar es Salaam
Coordinates:
Country Tanzania
Districts
List
Ilala
Kinondoni
Temeke
Government
 - Mayor Adam Kimbisa
AreaRegion/Province
 - City 1,590.5 km2 (614.1 sq mi)
 - Water 0 km2 (0 sq mi)
Population (2002)
 - Metro 2,497,940
Time zone GMT +3

Dar es Salaam (Arabic: دار السلام‎ [translation: "house of Peace"] Dār as-Salām), formerly Mzizima, is the largest city in Tanzania. It is also the country's richest city and a regionally important economic centre. Dar es Salaam is actually an administrative province within Tanzania, and consists of three local government areas or administrative districts: Kinondoni to the north, Ilala in the center of the region, and Temeke to the south. The Dar es Salaam Region had a population of 2,497,940 as of the official 2002 census. Though Dar es Salaam lost its official status as capital city to Dodoma in 1974, it remains the centre of the permanent central government bureaucracy and continues to serve as the capital for the surrounding Dar es Salaam Region.

Contents

History

Kaiserstraße road, in Dar es Salaam, German East Africa, c. 1905

In the 19th century Mzizima (Swahili for "healthy town") was a coastal fishing village on the periphery of Indian Ocean trade routes.[1][2] In 1865 or 1886 Sultan Majid bin Said of Zanzibar began building a new city very close to Mzizima.[2] He named it from an Arabic phrase bandar as-salām meaning harbour of Peace.[2] A popular but erroneous translation is "haven of peace" resulting from a mixup of the Arabic words "dar" (house) and "bandar" (harbour). Dar es Salaam fell into decline after Majid's death in 1870, but was revived in 1887, when the German East Africa Company established a station there. The town's growth was facilitated by its role as the administrative and commercial centre of German East Africa and industrial expansion resulting from the construction of the Central Railway Line in the early 1900s.

Saint Joseph's Metropolitan Cathedral constructed in 1897-1902

German East Africa was captured by the British during World War I and from then on was referred to as Tanganyika. Dar es Salaam was retained as the territory's administrative and commercial centre. Under British indirect rule, separate European (e.g. Oyster Bay) and African (e.g. Kariakoo and Ilala) areas developed at a distance from the city centre. The town's population also included a large number of South Asians. After World War II, Dar es Salaam experienced a period of rapid growth.

Dar es Salaam is located in Africa
Dar es Salaam
Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (Africa)

Political developments, including the formation and growth of the Tanganyika African National Union (TANU), led to Tanganyika attaining independence from colonial rule in December 1961. Dar es Salaam continued to serve as its capital, also when in 1964 Tanganyika and Zanzibar merged to form Tanzania. However, in 1973 provisions were made to relocate the capital to Dodoma, a more centrally located city in Tanzania's interior. The relocation process has not yet been completed, and Dar es Salaam remains Tanzania's primary city.

One of the deadly 1998 U.S. embassy bombings occurred in Dar es Salaam; the other was in Nairobi, Kenya.

Geography

Dar es Salaam is located at 6°48' South, 39°17' East (−6.8000, 39.2833).[3] The city is situated on a massive natural harbour on the Eastern Indian Ocean coast of Africa, with sandy beaches in some areas.

Administratively, Dar es Salaam is broken into 3 districts: Ilala, Kinondoni, and Temeke.

Kigamboni Ferry

Climate

The waterfront of Dar es Salaam

Being situated so close to the equator and the warm Indian ocean, the city experiences generally tropical climatic conditions, typified by hot and humid weather throughout much of the year. Dar es Salaam features a tropical wet and dry climate, with two different rainy seasons. Annual rainfall is approximately 1,100 mm (43 in) and in a normal year there are two distinct rainy seasons: "the long rains", which fall during April and May, and "the short rains", which fall during October and November.

Climate data for Dar es Salaam
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 32
(90)		 32
(90)		 32
(90)		 31
(88)		 30
(86)		 29
(84)		 29
(84)		 29
(84)		 30
(86)		 31
(88)		 31
(88)		 32
(90)		 30.7
(87.2)
Average low °C (°F) 24
(75)		 24
(75)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 22
(72)		 20
(68)		 18
(64)		 18
(64)		 19
(66)		 20
(68)		 22
(72)		 23
(73)		 21.3
(70.4)
Precipitation cm (inches) 5.37
(2.114)		 5.39
(2.122)		 11.6
(4.57)		 17.86
(7.031)		 13.18
(5.189)		 3.53
(1.39)		 2.95
(1.161)		 2.39
(0.941)		 1.48
(0.583)		 5.2
(2.05)		 7.59
(2.988)		 8.09
(3.185)		 84.63
(33.319)
Source: MSN Weather[4]
Samora Machel Avenue.

Population

Dar es Salaam is the largest city in Tanzania with 2.8 million people. With a population rate increase of 4.39% annually the city has become the 3rd fastest growing in Africa (9th fastest in the world) after Bamako and Lagos, respectively. The metro population is expected to reach 5.12 million by 2020.[5]

Economy and infrastructure

Dar es Salaam Skyline

Dar es Salaam is Tanzania's most important city for both business and government. The city contains unusually high concentrations of trade and other services and manufacturing compared to other parts of Tanzania, which has about 80 percent of its population in rural areas. For example, about one half of Tanzania's manufacturing employment is located in the city despite the fact that Dar holds only ten percent of Tanzania's population. Located on a natural harbour on the Indian Ocean, it is the hub of the Tanzanian transportation system as all of the country's main railways and several highways originate in or near the city. Its status as an administrative and trade centre has put Dar es Salaam in position to benefit disproportionately from Tanzania's high growth rate since the year 2000 so that by now its poverty rates are much lower than the rest of the country. The Benjamin William Mkapa Pension Tower with more than 21 stories is the tallest building in the city and the country.[6]

Air Tanzania, the national airline, has its head office in Dar es Salaam.[7]

Transportation

The Julius Nyerere International Airport is the principal airport serving the city, named after the country's first President. There is also a railway infrastructure (TAZARA) connecting the coastal town of Dar es Salaam to the neighbouring country of Zambia on its western border.

View of Dar es Salaam showing the city center, Kariakoo, and the slums

Culture

Just as other large cities in developing nations, Dar es Salaam has an urban waste problem. This is the beach at Msasani Bay.

Downtown Dar es Salaam includes many small businesses, many of which are run by traders and proprietors whose families originated from the Middle East and Indian sub-continent — areas of the world with which the settlements of the Tanzanian coast have had long-standing trading relations. During the daytime the heavy weight of traffic, office workers, busy merchants, street vendors and restaurateurs of the area lend it a frenetic and slightly claustrophobic air. However, after nightfall the area is relatively quiet as much of the city's nightlife is located in more residential districts away from the city's mainly commercial centre.

The sprawling suburbs furthest from the city centre are generally populated by Tanzanians of African descent, with the exception of Oyster Bay, where there is a large population of foreign expatriates. Although there is no racial hostility, the various ethnic communities of Dar es Salaam do not tend to mix heavily. The edges of Dar es Salaam are spreading rapidly, severely taxing the transportation network (which aside from ferries, lacks any kind of mass transit facilities) and raising the prospect of future urban overcrowding.

Due in part to the growth of the expatriate community and the increasing importance of tourism, the number of international restaurants has risen very rapidly over recent years. The city now offers a rich and internationalised diversity of cuisine, ranging from traditional Tanzanian barbecue style options such as "Nyama Choma" (roasted meat) and "Mishkaki" (Shish Kabob - usually barbecued and served with salt and various hot peppers on the side) and the long-established traditional Indian and Zanzibari cuisine, to options from all corners of the globe including, Chinese, Thai, Turkish, Italian, and Japanese food.

There is also a lively music scene in Dar es Salaam which is divided among several styles. The longest standing segment is live dance bands such as Kilimanjaro, Twanga Pepeta and FM Academia. Taarab which was traditionally strong in Zanzibar has also found a niche but remains small compared both to dance music and "Bongo Flava", a broad category that represents the Tanzanian take on Hip Hop and R&B, which has quickly become the most popular locally produced music. This type of music is especially strong among the youth and it seems that its pull is reducing the interest in performing and hearing dance music. Songs by artists such as Ferooz name check Dar districts such as Sinza. Traditional music, which locally is used to refer to tribal music is still performed but typically only on family oriented occasions such as weddings.

Much like the popular music of other major cities Dar es Salaam's hip music of the day Bongo Flava is a cultural escape for youths that speaks to topics of everyday life such as "HIV/AIDS, scraping a life together, the difficulty of meeting basic needs, class and wealth barriers, holding your head high despite everything." [8]

This Rap scene has been present and growing for the past ten years as City life has drawn much of the youth in surrounding areas have made the trek into a more urban lifestyle in search of a new better beginning.[9]

In the 1970s, the Ministry of National Youth Culture aimed to create a national culture, which stressed the importance of music. Dar es Salaam became the new music center in Tanzania, with the local radio exposing new bands and dominating the music and cultural scene. With this ujamaa, or family, mentality governing culture and music a unified people’s culture was created. Dar es Salaam became a center of city crime, gangs, and violence, which lead to the rise of hip hop music.[10] Throughout the years, the radio in Dar es Salaam has played a major role in the dissemination of music because many people don’t have televisions and cassettes are used over CD’s. In addition, creating music in Dar es Salaam involves significant dedication because artists receive little pay due to inadequate copyright laws.

A variety of museums, including the National Museum, the Village Museum and the Botanical Garden are all very close by.

Kaole Ruins in Bagamoyo, Tanzania

Within an hour's drive north is Bagamoyo, which is home to the Kaole ruins. There are beaches on the Msasani peninsula north of Dar es Salaam and in Kigamboni to the south where residents and tourists alike frequently visit. Trips to the nearby islands of the Dar es Salaam Marine Reserve are a popular daytrip from the city and a favourite spot for snorkeling, swimming and sunbathing. The National Stadium hosts Dar es Salaam's Young Africans Football Club, Simba Football Club, other Tanzanian football clubs, and many other international matches.

The first cineplex in Tanzania to show first-run Western and Indian releases was opened in Dar es Salaam in December 2003.

Globalization

Globalization has affected many of the cultural expressions in Dar es Salaam, in particular, hip hop music and culture. The hip hop scene in Dar es Salaam articulates a blending of local cultural struggles and the indigenization of global influences.[10] Hip hop music and culture arrived in Tanzania, taking its cues from various African American styling. Birgit Quade highlights Tanzanian hip hop's connection to US culture when she writes: "What makes hip-hop a global phenomenon is that it draws upon style, music, and look that is not restricted to any local region or language... In the mid-1980s, young people who saw the first hip-hop films and videos coming from America and started break-dancing and rapping." [11] The adaptations of language, fashion, style, and content within Tanzanian hip hop culture have evolved gradually. The result of this evolution has created a localized form of hip hop, often showcasing native dialectic lyrical performances and traditional garbs. While hip hop in Dar es Salaam is a clear reflection of Tanzanian localized struggle and culture, it also engages in and compromises with aspects of Western culture. Also, a former University of Connecticut Huskies basketball player, Hasheem Thabeet, a basketball player who was drafted 2nd overall by the Memphis Grizzlies of the National Basketball Association in the 2009 NBA Draft is from here.

Education

Nkrumah Hall at the University of Dar es Salaam

Dar es Salaam is also the educational centre of Tanzania. The city is home to many Educational Insitutions.

Universities

Other institutes of higher education include

Schools

Dar es Salaam also boasts some of the finest schools in Tanzania. The following are schools that provide secondary education, O Levels and A Levels in Tanzania, according to the National Examination Council Of Tanzania (NECTA) syllabus.

Private secondary education schools include

Some of the International Schools in Dar es Salaam are the

Some of the Leading Government Schools, which are also the largest in the city include

Suburbs

Dar es Salaam is divided into three districts, Ilala Kinondoni and Temeke. Both of them are governed as Municipal Councils. due to that all of the city's suburbs or wards are affiliated into them.

Kinondoni

Kinondoni District is Considered the most populated (half of the City's residents live in here) and also Boasts the Major High Income Suburbs include.

Ilala

Ilala is the administrative district of the city where almost all government Offices and ministries locate here. The Central Business Distict (locally called "Posta") locate in this district. The Julius Nyerere International Airport, Central Railway Station and Tazara Railway Station are all locating within the district boundaries. The suburbs are mainly resided by the High to Middle income dwellers. Some of them are.

and Arabians. They are famous for their houses and mansions built in Indian, Arabic and European styles during the colonial era.

shops, bazaars and merchants selling from foodstuffs to hardware materials. The Kariakoo Market which is the Largest in the City having the only Underground Section, It is the major supply point of the food consumed by the residents of the City.

Temeke

Temeke is the Industrial District of the city, where the main manufacturing centers (with both heavy and light Industries) locate, the Dar es Salaam Port which is the largest in the Country is also found in here. Temeke is Believed to have the largest concentration of low income dwellers due to it's industrious neighborhood and also have the largest concentration of Port officials, Military and Police Officers Residencies. The following are the major suburbs.

Sports

Being also the largest City in Tanzania, also Dar es Salaam is the Sport Center, Dar es Salaam Hosts the Largest Stadium in East and Central Africa (The National Stadium) which can accommodate about 60,000 viewers, also the City is the home of the most famous and rival soccer clubs, The Simba Sports Club and Young Africans Sports Clubs (called also Yanga). Apart from the National Stadium Dar es salaam has also some major sporting Grounds includes the Uhuru Stadium (used mainly for local tournaments and political gatherings), Karume Memorial Stadium (the home of Tanzania Football Federation (TFF), the Gymkhana Golf Courses (between the City center and the shores of the Indian Ocean) which also has Tennis courts, squash Courts and a fitness club. Outside the metropolitan districts there is the Lugalo Military Golf courses (located in the Lugalo Military Barracks).

Notable people

Partner cities

References

  1. ↑ United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2009). The State of African Cities 2008. UN-HABITAT. pp. 130. ISBN 9211320151. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UR0fckrquD8C&pg=PA130. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Brennan, James R.; Burton, Andrew (2007). "The Emerging Metropolis: A history of Dar es Salaam, circa 1862–2000". Dar es Salaam: histories from an emerging African metropolis. African Books Collective. pp. 13. ISBN 9987449700. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-54DSfk0ZMgC&pg=PA13. 
  3. ↑ NGA: Country Files, NGA.mil
  4. ↑ "MSN Weather". http://weather.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?&wealocations=wc%3aTZXX0001. Retrieved February 19, 2008. 
  5. ↑ City Mayors: World's fastest growing urban areas (1)
  6. ↑ List of tallest buildings in Dar es Salaam
  7. ↑ "The website is currently under maintenance following our rebranding." Air Tanzania. Retrieved on 2 March 2010.
  8. ↑ Bongo Flava: Swahili Rap from Tanzania
  9. ↑ Africanhiphop.com presents: Hali Halisi - the Real Situation
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Lemelle, Sidney J. (2006). "Ni wapi Tunakwenda': Hip Hop Culture and the Children of Arusha". In Basu, Dipannita; Lemelle, Sidney J.. The Vinyl Ain't Final: Hip Hop and the Globalization of Black Popular Culture. London; Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press. pp. 230–254. ISBN 0745319408. 
  11. ↑ Top of the Hip Hops
    Bongo Flava and more in Dar es Salaam, 2004
  12. ↑ Ardhi University www.aru.ac.tz
  13. ↑ "2002 Population and Housing Census General Report" (in en). Government of Tanzania. http://www.tanzania.go.tz/census/census/districts/kinondoni.htm. Retrieved 2008-08-21. 
  14. ↑ http://www.scrum.com/scotland/rugby/player/7713.html

External links